PCOS: Symptoms and Causes

PCOS: Symptoms and Causes

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal condition that affects how the ovaries function. It can cause irregular periods, excess hormone levels, and small fluid-filled sacs on the ovaries, and it’s one of the leading causes of infertility in women of reproductive age. Although there is currently no cure, early diagnosis and the right combination of treatment and lifestyle changes can help manage symptoms and reduce long-term health risks.

What Is PCOS?

PCOS is a hormonal disorder that disrupts the normal menstrual cycle. It affects an estimated 1 in 10 women of reproductive age, making it one of the most common endocrine conditions in this group. The name comes from the small cysts that can form on the ovaries, though not everyone with PCOS has them, and having ovarian cysts alone doesn’t necessarily indicate a PCOS diagnosis.

You may also see PCOS referred to by a newer name, Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS), reflecting its broader hormonal and metabolic effects beyond the ovaries. Both terms describe the same condition.

What Causes PCOS?

The exact cause of PCOS isn’t fully understood, but several factors are thought to contribute:

• Insulin resistance: the body doesn’t respond normally to insulin, leading to higher insulin levels, which can in turn increase androgen production (a group of steroid hormones that control male reproductive development and physical traits, though they are vital to health in all sexes).
• Excess androgen production: elevated levels of male hormones can prevent the ovaries from releasing eggs regularly, leading to irregular periods and symptoms like acne and excess hair growth.
• Genetics: PCOS tends to run in families, and having a mother or sister with the condition increases the likelihood of developing it.
• Low-grade inflammation: some research links chronic, low-level inflammation to higher androgen production in people with PCOS.

Being overweight can worsen insulin resistance and PCOS symptoms, but PCOS also affects people who are not overweight, so body weight alone doesn’t explain the condition.

Common Symptoms

Symptoms vary from person to person and often become more noticeable around the time of puberty. Common signs include:

• Irregular, infrequent, or prolonged menstrual periods
• Excess facial or body hair growth (hirsutism)
• Persistent acne or oily skin
• Thinning hair or male-pattern hair loss on the scalp
• Weight gain or difficulty losing weight
• Darkening of skin, particularly along neck creases, in the groin, and under the breasts
• Difficulty getting pregnant, due to irregular or absent ovulation

 

PCOS can resemble thyroid disorders and other hormonal conditions, which may delay diagnosis. It’s also linked to a higher risk of type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, sleep apnea, and endometrial changes, so it’s worth addressing even when symptoms feel manageable.

 

How Is PCOS Diagnosed?

There is no single test that confirms PCOS. Diagnosis is usually based on having at least two of three criteria: irregular ovulation, signs of excess androgens, and polycystic ovaries seen on ultrasound. Reaching a diagnosis may involve:

• A review of your menstrual history and symptoms
• A physical exam to check for excess hair growth, acne, or skin changes
• Blood tests to measure androgen levels, blood sugar, and cholesterol
• A pelvic ultrasound to check for enlarged ovaries or follicles

Other conditions that can cause similar symptoms need to be ruled out first.

The Role of Laboratory Testing

Laboratory testing supports both diagnosis and long-term management of PCOS.

Hormone panels can measure androgen levels, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid function, helping to confirm a PCOS diagnosis and rule out other causes of irregular periods.

Blood glucose and insulin testing can identify insulin resistance, while a lipid profile checks cholesterol levels, both of which are important given the higher risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease associated with PCOS.

MedLabs’ hormone and metabolic panels can help you and your doctor build a clear picture of what’s driving your symptoms and track how you respond to treatment over time.

How Is PCOS Treated?

There is no cure for PCOS, so treatment focuses on managing symptoms and reducing long-term health risks. Options depend on your symptoms and whether you’re trying to conceive, and may include:

• Lifestyle changes, such as regular physical activity and a balanced diet, which can improve insulin sensitivity and help regulate cycles
• Hormonal birth control, to regulate periods and reduce androgen-related symptoms like acne and excess hair growth
• Metformin medication, to improve insulin resistance 
• Anti-androgen medications, to reduce excess hair growth and hair loss
• Fertility treatments, for those trying to conceive

 

Any treatments should only be used if prescribed by your doctor. Your doctor will tailor treatment to your specific symptoms, goals, and overall health.

Living Well With PCOS

Good management depends on consistency:

• Maintain regular physical activity and a balanced diet.
• Take medication as prescribed.
• Attend follow-up appointments to monitor hormone and metabolic markers.
• Pay attention to changes in your cycle, skin, or weight.
• Get adequate, quality sleep.
• Seek support if PCOS symptoms are affecting your mental health or wellbeing.

When to See a Doctor

Consult a doctor if you experience:

• Periods that are irregular, absent, or unusually heavy
• New or worsening acne, hair growth, or hair loss
• Difficulty getting pregnant after a year of trying
• Unexplained weight gain or difficulty managing your weight
• A family history of PCOS alongside these symptoms

Blood tests and a pelvic ultrasound can provide an initial view of your hormone levels and ovarian health. Results should be interpreted alongside your symptoms and medical history.

Take the Next Step With MedLabs

PCOS can affect far more than your menstrual cycle, touching everything from metabolic health to fertility. MedLabs’ hormone and metabolic panels assess androgen levels, insulin resistance, and related markers, helping you and your doctor make informed decisions.

Book your hormone panel | Find a MedLabs branch near you

This article is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional.